Code of Welfare: Layer Hens

The purpose of this Code is to provide information to the owners and persons in charge of layer hens about the standards they must achieve in order to meet their obligations under the Animal Welfare Act 1999.

This Code encourages all those responsible for layer hens to adopt the highest standards of husbandry, care and handling, and to equal or exceed the minimum standards.

Adequately maintaining the welfare of layer hens requires experience, training and the observance of high standards.

Background

The Animal Welfare Act 1999 provides for the welfare of animals in New Zealand. It puts obligations on people who own or are in charge of animals to provide for the welfare of their animals.

The Act establishes the fundamental obligations relating to the care of animals and provides for the development and issue of codes of welfare.

Codes of welfare expand on the basic obligations of the Act by setting minimum standards and recommending best practice for the care and management of animals. 

This Code of Welfare also references regulations issued under the Animal Welfare Act 1999. Regulations are prescribed under the Animal Welfare Act and impose enforceable requirements on owners and persons in charge of animals. For ease of reference, regulations relevant to this Code are set out in an appendix to this Code. Penalties for failure to comply with the regulations are specified in the relevant regulations. The appendix to this Code is not intended to provide an exhaustive list of all obligations under the Act or regulatory requirements. Owners and persons in charge of animals are responsible for ensuring that they are aware of and understand all Act and regulatory requirements that are relevant to them including all applicable Codes of Welfare.

Note that the Act sets criteria for whether a procedure carried out on an animal is a significant surgical procedure. Only a veterinarian, or a person who is acting under the direct supervision of a veterinarian and who is a student undergoing his or her training to become a veterinarian, are able to perform a significant surgical procedure, unless a regulation says otherwise.

This Code is intended for all persons responsible for the welfare of layer hens.

Under the Act the "owner" and every "person in charge" of an animal are responsible for meeting the legal obligations for the welfare of animals under their care.

For some layer hens, the owner of the animals will place them in the care of others who become the persons in charge, but this does not derogate from their responsibility to ensure that the requirements of the Act and animal welfare regulations are met.

Who should read this Code of Welfare? amended on 9 May 2021 by Notice in the Gazette 2021-go1589

Failure to meet a minimum standard in this Code may be used as evidence to support a prosecution for an offence under the Act. A person who is charged with an offence against the Act can defend him or herself by showing that he or she has equalled or exceeded the minimum standards in this Code.

This Code includes information and example indicators for each minimum standard. The list of indicators is not exhaustive but is given to provide guidance on ways in which a minimum standard may be met.

Owners and persons in charge of animals are not required to comply with the recommendations for best practice in this Code, but are encouraged to do so to provide higher standards of welfare.

This Code does not provide an exhaustive list of the Act’s requirements, and owners and those in charge of animals should note that they must comply with the minimum standards in this Code, the general provisions of the Act, and any regulations issued under the Act.

Animal Welfare Act 1999 – NZ Legislation

Legislative background amended on 9 May 2021 by Notice in the Gazette 2021-go1589

Other codes of welfare should be consulted where appropriate.

Codes of animal welfare

Codes of welfare must be accompanied by a report that sets out the deliberations that the National Animal Welfare Advisory Committee (NAWAC) undertook when developing the codes of welfare including the standards and recommendations for best practice, the nature of any significant differences of opinion during drafting and consultation, and any matters that should be dealt with by regulation. Code reports can be accessed online.

Animal welfare (layer hens) code of welfare report [PDF, 137 KB]

Although efforts to include relevant regulations within this Code have been made, there may be other regulations which are relevant to you. The full list of all animal welfare regulations should be consulted where appropriate.

Animal Welfare (Care and Procedures) Regulations 2018 – NZ Legislation

1.1 Application

This Code applies to all layer hens (as defined in Schedule I: Interpretation and definitions) from the time chicks are in the last half of development before they hatch (which has relevance to the sale of embryonated eggs), through to the catching and transport of hens at the end of the laying cycle. It also applies to roosters. This Code does not apply to layer hen breeder birds.

1.2 Interpretation and definitions

Refer to Schedule I: Interpretation and definitions.

Introduction

The importance of good stockmanship cannot be over-emphasised. The care of layer hens, at all stages of production, requires experience and high standards of performance.

Those responsible for the care of layer hens must be competent, well trained and work at least to the minimum standards required by this Code. Personnel should be appropriately trained and instructed in the care and maintenance of layer hens and how their actions may affect the hens’ welfare. 

Knowledge of the normal appearance and behaviour of layer hens is essential for their ongoing health and welfare. It is important that those in charge of layer hens are able to recognise early signs of distress or disease so that prompt action is taken or advice sought. It is common industry practice that there are separate rearing and production phases with personnel who have specific knowledge relating to each phase. 

Those in charge of layer hen operations must ensure that their personnel, including contract or temporary staff, have either the relevant knowledge and training, or appropriate supervision by trained and competent people, to ensure that the health and welfare needs of the hens in their care are met.

Example indicators for minimum standard No. 1: Stockmanship

• Layer hens are maintained in accordance with requirements of this Code
• Operational procedures are documented and implemented
• Documentary evidence of staff training and/or competence is maintained
• Personnel have an understanding of the Code and their obligations
• There is evidence of staff being trained and practised in emergency management e.g. fire evacuation

Recommended best practice

1. Persons involved in the farming of hens should receive training from accredited training providers.

General information

The appropriate number of personnel to care for layer hens depends on a number of factors, including the number of hens, the design of the system, the age of the hens, and the facilities and equipment available within the system.

Quality assurance programmes, e.g. Risk Management Programmes (as per the Animal Products Act), emphasise the importance of training of personnel. The Agriculture Industry Training Organisation lists a number of training qualifications for those involved in the poultry industry: Poultry production – NZQA  

Additional information can be found on the industry website: Egg Producers Federation of New Zealand

Introduction

Food and water are essential for maintaining good layer hen welfare. Nutrient composition, feed availability, quantity of feed, absence of contaminants in the feed and water, and access to the feeders and drinkers are all important features of any management system. Requirements for the quality and composition for the feed supplied to layer hens are mandated under the Agricultural Compounds and Veterinary Medicines Act 1997.

Example indicators for minimum standard No. 2: Food and water

• Feed quality and composition meet the standards of the New Zealand Feed Manufacturers Association Manufacture of Animal Feeds in New Zealand Code of Practice
• Feed particle size is appropriate for the age and size of the hens
• Flock growth rates are monitored regularly, for example by representative samples of hens in each shed and age group being weighed on a regular basis
• Corrective action is taken if the average sample weight is more than 2% less than the previous weighing (information on weights for breeds of hens can be obtained from breeding companies or avian veterinary services)
• Linear feeders provide at least 10 cm of space per hen or circular feeders provide at least 4 cm of space per hen
• Continuous drinking troughs provide at least 2.5 cm of space per hen or circular drinking troughs provide at least 1 cm of space per hen
• Hens in cages have access to at least two nipples or cups. In other housing systems a minimum of 1 bell per 100 hens or 1 nipple or cup per 10 hens is provided
• Water derived from sources not subject to local authority control is shown to be potable and tested for microbiological contamination or as required under a Risk Management Programme
• Daily feed and water intakes align with breeder recommendations for age of stock
• Feed nutrients are checked promptly if hens display negative behaviours (e.g. injurious feather pecking, cannibalism)
• Operation of feeding and watering equipment is monitored daily and corrective action is taken promptly and documented
• A reserve supply of feed and water is maintained on site, sufficient for the maximum hen capacity for at least 72 hours in case of an emergency

Recommended best practice

1. Uncontrolled permanent water sources (e.g. open stock troughs, creeks) used as major drinking water sources should be monitored for microbiological quality and palatability at a frequency dependent on test results.
2. Water within drinker lines should be regularly flushed and monitored for microbiological quality.
3. Water should be provided by nipple drinkers.
4. Provision of insoluble grit is beneficial for the hens’ digestive system and this should be provided at levels appropriate to the hens’ age from 3 weeks old. Suitable advice on appropriate levels can be obtained from breeder recommendations.
5. Hens should have food withheld for 3 – 6 hours prior to loading for transport. (Note: Minimum Standard 2(b) requires water to be provided at all times.)

Introduction

Provision of shade and shelter is important for protecting hens from environmental extremes and may be provided by the main building that is used to house hens, and for hens with access outdoors, by additional, purpose-built shelters, including a winter garden or covered veranda. Shade and shelter outdoors, such as trees, shrubs or artificial structures, are important in encouraging hens to fully utilise the outside area and spacing of shelter less than 10 m apart will also encourage use of the outside area.

Example indicators for minimum standard No. 3: Shelter and shade

• Hens do not show signs of heat stress (panting, wings outstretched) or cold stress (huddling)
• Protection from predators is provided
• Overhead shade or shelter is provided on the range at all times throughout the year in a manner that encourages full use of the range
• Windbreaks are evident in exposed areas on the range
• The openings to the outside are sheltered from the weather and the litter around the openings is in good condition

General information

Shade and shelter provision for hens is also an integral part of range management covered in Minimum Standard 11. 

4.1 Housing and equipment design, construction and maintenance

Introduction

Provision of appropriate housing, including the indoor area of systems with outdoor access and other facilities, is essential for the health and welfare of layer hens.

See summary of regulations appended to this Code:

• Regulation 21: Phased prohibition on the use of conventional cages

Example indicators for minimum standard No. 4: Housing and equipment design and maintenance

• All birds can be inspected with ease (i.e. there is good access to all birds and sufficient lighting)
• Provisions are in place to control personnel accessing the premises
• Pest control is implemented and documented
• Environmental parameters of the housing system are in accordance with the minimum standards for Lighting, Ventilation, and Temperature
• Operation of equipment is monitored daily and corrective action is taken promptly and documented
• There is documented evidence of routine cleaning of the facilities and equipment so that transmissible diseases / parasites are avoided or managed
• There is documented evidence that alarms have been checked and tested at least monthly and problems immediately rectified
• There is documented evidence of preventative maintenance in place for facilities and equipment
• Fail-safe flaps are fitted to fans, outlets and inlets to enable natural ventilation
• Wire nest floors are covered by a suitable substrate e.g. plastic matting, artificial turf or straw
• Perches are of a design and construction (including height and spacing) that minimises injury (such as keel damage) or ill-health (such as foot problems) or vent pecking
• 95% of all eggs are laid in the nesting areas
• Scratch pad area is sufficient to allow all birds to exhibit foraging behaviour
• Perches provide at least 15 cm of space per hen
• If a raised slatted floor is used for perching, the slatted area is at least 1/3 of the internal living space
• In barns, at least 1 nest is provided per 7 hens or, for group nests, at least 1m² of nesting space is provided per 120 hens
• In barns, at least 250 cm² of litter/hen is provided and the litter occupies at least one-third of the ground area to encourage pecking, scratching and dust bathing behaviours
• Hens with outdoor access make regular use of the range
• Any failure or fault in housing or equipment (e.g. damaged flooring) is documented and immediately rectified
• Emergency management plan outlines actions to take in event of power failure
• Cage units are secured to prevent toppling
• Droppings are not falling on hens below

Recommended best practice

1. Each opening to the range and/or winter garden should be a minimum of 1 m wide and 45 cm high.
2. Hens should have enough vertical and horizontal space available to stretch to their full height and flap their wings.
3. Perches should provide at least 17 cm of space per hen.
4. Perches should be fitted at greater than bird head height (i.e. 40-50 cm) to reduce the risk of vent pecking.
5. Swinging or aerial perches should not be used as they are associated with a very high incidence of keel fractures.
6. In barns with access to the outdoors a winter garden should be provided where hens can scratch and forage irrespective of weather conditions.
7. All hens should have access to dustbathing material.
8. Hens should be provided with nesting areas where they can lay eggs in seclusion.

General information

Perforated or slatted floor areas can be considered perching space if they are raised and they allow the hen to grip without risk of trapping its claws. It is not clear at what height perches should be offered to maximise welfare – but for night time, roosting hens will prefer the highest perch if perches of different heights are offered. Accessibility of high perches has to be ensured, by incorporating lower level perches from which the hens can reach the higher levels. In non-cage systems, good accessibility can be achieved by minimising the angles between perches of different heights to less than 45 degrees and by limiting the distance between horizontal perches to 1m.

The Animal Welfare (Glueboard Traps) Order 2009 places restrictions on the sale and use of rodent glueboard traps and they were prohibited from 1 January 2015. For more information, see Animal Welfare (Glueboard Traps) Order 2009 – NZ Legislation .

4.2 Contingency planning

Introduction

The provision and efficient operation of a suitable environment in sheds is often reliant on technology. Adverse events caused by climatic events or natural disasters which disrupt the shed or technology can affect the welfare of fit and healthy hens, but have a greater impact on those more vulnerable because of their age (e.g. young chicks). It is every person’s and organisation’s responsibility to include planning for the welfare of their animals in their contingency plans.

Example indicators for minimum standard No. 5: Contingency planning

• A written contingency plan, covering potential adverse events, such as those affecting food and water supply, environmental conditions, and housing is available for inspection, and staff are trained to implement it.
• Alternative arrangements are in place in case of equipment or supply failure to ensure hens receive their daily requirements of feed and water, and that temperature and air quality are maintained
• An alarm system indicates the event of any power or computer failure
• All alarm systems, fire fighting equipment and emergency power supply are tested regularly and test results documented

General information

Further information on preparing for emergencies and adverse events may be obtained by referring to the MPI website at Preparing animals for emergencies.

5.1 Stocking densities

Introduction

Stocking density cannot be considered in isolation from other minimum standards as it is interrelated with food and water availability, environmental controls, housing system design, hen behaviour and active range management policies. The stocking density compatible with acceptable welfare of the hens is dependent on good stockmanship and management of all environmental factors so that hens do not have to compete for their food, water, perches, or access to an outdoor area.

Consideration of the outdoor stocking level needs to take into account factors such as soil type, drainage, flock size and frequency of flock rotation e.g. a heavy, poorly drained soil can carry fewer hens than land that is light and well drained.

Example indicators for minimum standard No. 6: Stocking densities

• Distribution and behaviour of hens using all facilities is monitored and recorded on a regular basis
• Hens are not displaying symptoms of overcrowding, such as excessive pecking or distress calls
• The majority of hens with access outdoors are observed to use the outside range

Recommend best practice

1. Stocking of the outdoor ranging area should be less than 900 hens per hectare.

5.2 Lighting

Introduction

The management of light is an integral part of ensuring hen health and welfare, especially in preventing or reducing feather pecking and cannibalism. It can also be used to encourage certain hen behaviours e.g. higher light levels on the litter area can encourage hens to dustbathe and lower levels over the roost areas can encourage hens to rest. Lower light at the nests encourages the hens to use the nests.

Example indicators for minimum standard No. 7: Lighting

• Light control systems are working and are well maintained
• Light levels during inspection are sufficient to ensure that all hens in all parts of the shed or barn are clearly visible, including at all levels in multi-tier systems
• Natural and artificial lighting is evenly distributed to facilitate the distribution of the hens over the floor area and avoid overcrowding
• Light levels during the light period are at least 20 lux at hen level
• There are no injuries caused by changes in the light intensity

Recommended best practice

1. Light intensity at hen level should be at least 50 lux.
2. Chicks and pullets should be exposed to the lighting regime they will experience during laying (e.g. brightness level or natural light).

General information

At certain times of the year, hens that are exposed to natural light may experience day-lengths longer than the limit required by Minimum Standard 5(c) above (which applies to hens kept under artificial light), and this is acceptable.

5.3 Air Quality and ventilation

Introduction

Ventilation provides fresh air and removes stale, contaminated air. It assists in the control of temperature, humidity, noxious gases (e.g. ammonia, methane, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide), dust and other airborne particles and litter quality. The accumulation of water vapour, heat, noxious gases and dust particles may cause discomfort or distress to the hens and predispose them to the development of health problems.

Humidity is determined by both external ambient conditions and factors within the shed such as stocking density, liveweight of the hens, ventilation rate, indoor temperature, functioning of technical equipment and litter quality (where this is relevant). Roofs should be insulated to reduce condensation. In controlled environment housing, good insulation of the walls and floor in addition can assist with achieving good air quality and temperature control.

Ammonia problems are more likely to occur in early morning and during periods of high humidity such as in winter. 

Dust is a potentially harmful air contaminant, particularly in combination with ammonia and other gases. It may directly damage the respiratory tracts of poultry and also act in the transmission of infectious agents.

Example indicators for minimum standard No. 8: Ventilation

• Hens do not display any signs of discomfort, distress or disease (e.g. panting and wing stretching if hot, huddling if cold, sneezing)
• Hens do not have any eye or nasal irritation indicative of ammonia level over 20 ppm or other air quality problems

Recommended best practice

1. Air quality parameters, such as ammonia levels, should be monitored and recorded on a weekly basis.
2. Immediate remedial action should be taken if ammonia levels are greater than 10 ppm at hen level by increasing ventilation and taking measures to reduce the source (e.g. adding dry litter or removing manure).

General information

Ventilation has to be considered alongside other minimum standards such as temperature and stocking density, as they all interrelate. Stock persons need to be able to recognise bird behaviour changes and act accordingly to ensure good welfare and bird health is not compromised e.g. increase the ventilation rate if the birds are panting due to high temperatures and review nutrition and feeding times to reduce heat stress.

5.4 Temperature

Introduction

Temperature requirements for layer hens vary considerably from day-old to end of lay and must be managed in response to changing requirements.

Newly hatched chicks have limited ability to maintain adequate body temperatures and thus additional heat input is required to maintain the temperature of the brooding area at a minimum of 30ºC. Thereafter the temperature can be progressively reduced to provide a comfort level appropriate to the age of the chick.

Signs of heat stress include panting and spreading of wings. Adult hens with shade, space and access to cold drinking water can survive short periods of heat stress but if possible should be cooled with direct fans.

Signs of cold stress include huddling and shivering. Chicks should be given supplementary heat and older birds protected from wet and draughts.

Temperature is affected by ventilation and low temperature and low ventilation rates tend to increase humidity which can lead to poor litter quality.

Example indicators for minimum standard No. 9: Temperature

• Temperature at the level of the hens is monitored and within the temperature range specified in the breeding company guidelines, as appropriate for the age and breed of the hens
• Corrective action is taken if signs of stress (sneezing, prolonged panting and wing extension due to heat or huddling due to cold) are observed during daily inspection
• Temperature and hen behaviour is monitored more frequently when ambient temperatures are extreme and corrective action is taken if required
• Chick behaviour and distribution within the brooding area is monitored and remedial action is taken as required

General information

There is an interrelationship between temperature, humidity, ventilation rate, windspeed and stocking density. Stock persons have to be competent at reading bird behaviours and acting accordingly e.g. increasing ventilation rate if birds are panting due to heat stress.

Both hens and houses exchange heat with their surroundings and having houses insulated makes control of temperature and humidity levels much easier.

5.5 Litter management in barns

Introduction

Litter management is a key part of managing the welfare of hens in barns or the winter garden, so that problems such as dust, fungal proliferation, and conditions such as bumble foot or respiratory disease are minimised.

Key features of litter management are control of the quality, type and depth of the litter used, moisture (including the way water is provided), temperature, ventilation, feed type and quality and stocking density. The siting of openings and maintenance of drainage outside the barn are also important when hens have access outdoors.

Example indicators for minimum standard No. 10: Litter management in barns

• Most hens show scratching, foraging and dust bathing behaviour
• Plumage and feet of hens are in good condition and are monitored regularly
• Litter is inspected regularly for signs of caking or greasiness and remedial action taken
• Litter is obtained from reputable sources and visually inspected before use
• If wood shavings are used they are dry, from non-treated timber and free from toxic contamination
• Drinkers are managed to avoid leaks or spillage leading to wet litter

Recommended best practice

1. Litter should be maintained at a minimum depth of 10 cm and built up further over the first few months of use.
2. Litter should be used for one laying cycle only, including litter in winter gardens.

General information

The optimum depth of litter depends on the choice of litter material. Litter needs to be especially carefully managed in winter when low temperatures lead to low ventilation rates, and consequently the higher humidity may result in the litter becoming wet. This is more likely if hens also have access outdoors. Stock persons should be aware of the factors that affect litter condition and the welfare problems associated with poor litter management. 

5.6 Range management

Introduction

Maintenance of good conditions on the range is essential for the health and welfare of hens. 

Hens are fearful of wide open spaces and so providing and managing overhead shade and shelter on the range encourages its use and allows the hens to display a wider range of natural behaviours. 

Fear of using the range may increase stress of hens inside the shed and can lead to negative behaviours such as injurious feather pecking. Research shows that providing a variety of shade and shelter is beneficial, particularly natural shelter from trees and shrubs positioned to encourage the hens to move away from the barn perimeter.

Example indicators for minimum standard No. 11: Range management

• Hens with access outdoors are observed to use the outside range frequently
• There is minimal evidence of pugging, standing water and muddy, dusty or contaminated conditions
• The area immediately around the barn is managed to keep hens’ feet clean
• The range is free of poisonous plants and contaminants
• A system of range rotation is in place that takes account of the type of soil, drainage and flock size
• Measures to prevent parasite build up on the range are in place
• Vegetation on the range is maintained in good condition and nutrient build up is managed
• Access to/from the outdoor area is not blocked

Recommended best practice

1. Range enhancement, e.g. trees, shrubs, covered shelters, covered sand baths, or straw bales, should be provided throughout the range area to encourage hens to use the whole of the range area and feel safe to move away from the barn openings and barn perimeter.
2. The range should be wide enough in front of the barn openings to help manage range quality.

General information

The time taken for land to become contaminated with parasites or nitrogen build up depends upon the type of land, stocking density and weather patterns.

The ground around permanent houses can be protected with slatted platforms, covered verandas, areas of gravel or other suitable methods (e.g. bark or mesh), to avoid it becoming contaminated and muddy.

To prevent paddocks becoming muddy or burdened with worms, coccidia and other parasites to an extent that could be harmful to the birds’ health, a number of management techniques should be used which may include the rotation of flocks in separately fenced paddocks.

Introduction

The ability for layer hens to be able to show normal behaviour in the farm environment is an important welfare consideration. Layer hens show much of the natural behaviour exhibited by their wild ancestors, the jungle fowl. While selective breeding has reduced their drive to perform some behaviours (e.g. sexual behaviour) they have retained a strong need to perform many of their ancestral behaviours including: 

• Laying their eggs in a protected nesting area;
• Perching (or roosting);
• Scratching and foraging;
• Dustbathing; and
• Extending and flapping their wings, flying onto roosts, preening, and vigilance for predators.

Current housing systems may constrain these behaviours to some extent. Indoor systems are more constraining than outdoor systems and colony cages provide reduced opportunities for foraging and dustbathing behaviours to be expressed. There is also evidence that certain behaviours are more important to hens than others at different times. For example, as hens approach the time to lay their eggs they place a high value on a nest site, and rank nesting behaviour a higher priority than feeding.

Where the ability of hens to escape is constricted, fear and panic can lead to smothering.

See summary of regulations appended to this Code:

• Regulation 21: Phased prohibition on use of conventional cages

NAWAC considers that the use of layer hen cages providing less than 750 sq cm per hen and no perches, discrete nesting areas or scratching surfaces, does not fully meet the obligations of the Act. Minimum Standards 12 (b), (c), and (d) provide for a transition from these cages to alternative ways of housing and managing layer hens – i.e. colony cages and barns.

Example indicators for minimum standard No. 12: Behaviour

• Layer hens are active and alert, calm, confident and inquisitive
• Layer hen behaviour is monitored and timely remedial action is taken when appropriate, including managing the effects of injurious pecking
• Layer hens show types and frequencies of activities that are normal for their age

Recommended best practice

1. Pullets reared for barn systems should be reared with access to litter and perches from 6-18 weeks of age, to aid familiarisation with the laying system.
2. Pullets reared for multi-tier barn systems should be reared with access to feed and water on multiple levels from 6-18 weeks of age, to aid familiarisation with the laying system.
3. Layer hens should be provided with litter for dustbathing.
4. Resources should be located in a way that minimises competition between birds and encourages them to perform a range of normal behaviours.
5. All hens should be provided with several resources to promote foraging behaviour.

General information

The minimum standards and suggested indicators outlined elsewhere throughout this Code are also intended to ensure that housing and management allows the behavioural needs of layer hens to be met, and provide advice on how these needs can be met.

Injurious pecking (damaging feather pecking, vent pecking and cannibalism) is often associated with poor foraging opportunities, overcrowding and dietary imbalance. The problem is more difficult to manage in large group-housed systems and it is particularly important that pullets are given access to litter and range before placement in the layer barn. In large flocks there may also be competition or avoidance of negative social interactions by some hens. For example some hens may be unwilling to leave a barn for the outdoors for fear of encountering unfamiliar or dominant individuals. Consideration of group dynamics and the abundance and positioning of resources in the design and management of large flocks should be made in order to ensure that as many individuals as possible have sufficient space and access to resources to perform a full behavioural repertoire.

7.1 Handling and catching

Introduction

Minimisation of undue stress and the avoidance of injury are key considerations whenever layer hens are being handled. Competent handling of layer hens is essential for their proper husbandry. Distress and risk of injury to both the hens and their handlers are decreased when good handling practices are followed. Reducing fear by keeping hens calm makes them easier to handle. Careful handling during the catching of end of lay hens, which may have reduced bone strength, is especially critical to minimise risk of injury to the hen.

Example indicators for minimum standard No. 13: Handling and catching

• No injuries attributable to handling occur
• Where chicks are moved on conveyor belts, the maximum height between consecutive conveyor belts does not exceed 40 cm
• Any chicks that fall on the floor are picked up immediately
• There is evidence of training for catching teams
• Any injured or unfit hens identified during the catching process are immediately and humanely destroyed
• A documented depopulation plan is completed by the farm manager
• Documented record of nominated supervisor is evident

Recommended best practice

1. Manual handling of hens should be kept to a minimum during stocking and depopulation.

General information

Research has shown that manual handling of the hens during stocking and depopulation can compromise their physical, physiological and behavioural wellbeing. Therefore catching procedures that minimise handling will be beneficial for hen welfare.

Penning loose-housed hens into small groups will minimise the risk of crowding and smothering during catching.

7.2 Loading and transport

Introduction

Transport systems must be designed and managed to ensure hens do not suffer unnecessary distress or discomfort. The transport and handling of hens must be kept to a minimum. Personnel involved in transport must be thoroughly trained and competent to carry out the tasks required of them. Contingency plans should be in place to deal with events such as vehicle breakdowns, adverse weather and transport delays to ensure that the thermal comfort of the different age groups are not compromised and transport stress is minimised.

The Code of Welfare: Transport within New Zealand applies to the transport of hens.

Example indicators for minimum standard No. 14: Loading and transport

• There are documented records of hens injured or dead on arrival
• Hens are transported in an upright sitting position
• Hen transport crates are a minimum height of at least 22 cm
• Transport boxes/crates for day old chicks are a minimum height of 10 cm and have a minimum floor space of 25 cm² per chick
• Ventilation and stocking rate during transport are controlled according to weather and hen condition (e.g. weight, health and feather status)
• The temperature during transport within a container is within 8 to 26°C for laying hens and 24 to 31°C for day old chicks and there is no evidence of panting or huddling and shivering in hens
• There is a documented training record for loading and transport crews
• A documented contingency plan is evident
• Chicks are delivered to the place where they will be reared as soon as possible after hatching
• Compliance with the Code of Welfare: Transport within New Zealand is evident

General information

Air carriers need to conform to the current International Air Transport Association (IATA) regulations when accepting and transporting hens. More information, see: Live animals – IATA

8.1 Disease and injury control

Introduction

Disease control is an integral part of hen welfare. Appropriate methods to prevent and control disease in layer hens include the use of vaccination and preventative medication programmes, and ensuring that good levels of hygiene are maintained and appropriate biosecurity and parasite control measures are employed.

All persons responsible for the care and management of poultry need to be competent in recognising the signs of ill-health. These signs may include a reduction in feed and water intake, a reduced rate of lay or of body weight gain, changes in the colour and/or consistency of faeces, changes in appearance (e.g. feather colour and cover), activity or behaviour, or an increase in mortality.

See summary of regulations appended to this Code:

• Regulation 22: Induced moulting

Example indicators for minimum standard No. 15: Management of health and injury

• Dead hens and culls are removed daily and numbers recorded
• Disease outbreaks, health problems and remedial action are documented
• Abnormal conditions are noted, the cause identified and appropriate remedial action taken
• Sick or debilitated hens are removed to a hospital pen with easy access to feed and clean water and treated
• Regular assessments of the risk of infectious and parasitic diseases are made and appropriate control systems are in place to prevent them
• Persons responsible for the welfare of hens have an understanding of good farm biosecurity measures and adopt them. They also have some knowledge of the signs of notifiable diseases (e.g. avian influenza, Newcastle disease) and what actions they need to take if concerned
• Sufficient inspections are undertaken during which temperature, light levels, availability of feed, feeding systems, water and all parts of the ventilation system are checked, and where problems are encountered, appropriate remedial action is taken to protect the welfare of the hens

Recommended best practice

1. Layer hens should be under the care of a specialist poultry veterinarian and a flock health plan should be documented and in place.

8.2 Significant surgical procedures

The Animal Welfare Act 1999 sets criteria for whether a procedure carried out on an animal is a significant surgical procedure. The criteria are set out in Section 16 of the Act.

If any person has to determine whether a procedure carried out on an animal is a significant surgical procedure under this Act, the person must determine the question by considering the following criteria:

1. whether the procedure has the potential to—
   1. cause significant pain or distress; or
   2. cause serious or lasting harm, or loss of function, if not carried out by a veterinarian in accordance with recognised professional standards; and
2. the nature of the procedure, including whether this involves—
   1. a surgical or operative procedure below the surface of the skin, mucous membranes, or teeth or below the gingival margin; or
   2. physical interference with sensitive soft tissue or bone structure; or
   3. significant loss of tissue or loss of significant tissue.

Only a veterinarian, or a person who is acting under the direct supervision of a veterinarian and who is a student undergoing his or her training to become a veterinarian, are able to perform a significant surgical procedure, unless a regulation says otherwise.

For all animal welfare regulations, see Animal Welfare (Care and Procedures) Regulations 2018 – NZ Legislation

Note that not all of the surgical procedures included within these regulations meet the criteria of a significant surgical procedure, some have been regulated for clarity only.

See also the summary of regulations appended to this Code:

• Regulation 56B: Beak tipping layer hens

Significant Surgical Procedures inserted on 9 May 2021 by Notice in the Gazette 2021-go1589

8.3 Beak tipping

Introduction

Feather pecking and cannibalism may occur in any layer hen system. The incidence, onset and severity of injurious pecking can be reduced by management strategies. 

Beak tipping is commonly used to reduce the potential damage from any pecking. Infrared beam beak treatment (IRBT) is now the standard practice for the commercial hatcheries in New Zealand. It is carried out on day old chicks, and its precision and accuracy minimises welfare issues for the hens.

See summary of regulations appended to this Code:

• Regulation 56B: Beak tipping layer hens

Beak Tipping amended on 9 May 2021 by Notice in the Gazette 2021-go1589

Minimum Standard No. 16(b) replaced on 9 May 2021 by regulation 25(2) of the Animal Welfare (Care and Procedures) Amendment Regulations 2020

Minimum Standard No. 16(d) replaced on 9 May 2021 by regulation 25(2) of the Animal Welfare (Care and Procedures) Amendment Regulations 2020

Example indicators for minimum standard No. 16: Beak tipping

• Infrared treatment is undertaken in accordance with supplier instructions
• Inspection of beaks is undertaken to ensure minimum amount removed
• Staff training records are documented

Recommended best practice

1. Alternative strategies for managing injurious (feather) pecking that minimise the need for beak tipping should be employed e.g. use and availability of different foraging resources.

General information

The incidence of feather pecking is affected by genetics, environmental conditions, nutrition and management practices. There is ongoing genetic research to develop strains of hens which are less prone to feather pecking. NAWAC has concerns about the welfare implications of beak tipping and encourages the industry to develop management systems to protect against all forms of injurious pecking without the need for beak tipping.

Introduction

Humane destruction of hens and chicks may be carried out on individuals, such as culls, or when depopulation is required for disease outbreak or at end of lay. 

Example indicators for minimum standard No. 17: Humane destruction

• Humane destruction protocols are documented
• Acceptable methods are used. These include:
  • Electrical stunning followed by neck dislocation and exsanguination
  • Neck dislocation alone
  • Gas using a mixture of inert gases and/or carbon dioxide
  • Immediate fragmentation/ maceration for unhatched eggs and day-old chicks
• Any other methods used for humane destruction of hens – referred to in the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code are performed under veterinary supervision
• Persons performing humane destruction are appropriately trained and ensure that the hens are managed gently and calmly at all stages of the process
• Appropriate behaviour towards and handling of hens, including chicks, is observed and corrective action taken as required
• All hens killed are inspected following the procedure to confirm death
• Hens are confirmed unconscious within 35 seconds of exposure to gas
• Staff training and supervision is documented and monitored
• Equipment used to perform humane destruction is never overloaded and is well maintained to ensure that it operates efficiently and maintenance is documented

Recommended best practice

1. Layer hens should be humanely destroyed using a mixture of inert gases with a low concentration of carbon dioxide (i.e. up to 30%) to produce an atmosphere with less than 2% oxygen by volume.

Introduction

The aim of hatchery management is to produce healthy hens. The key processes and conditions in hatchery management which affect the health and welfare of newly hatched chicks include:

• cleaning and hygiene procedures;
• prompt removal of chicks after hatching;
• grading of day-old chicks;
• humane destruction of cull chicks and unhatched eggs;
• satisfactory holding room conditions;
• satisfactory transport conditions for day old chicks;
• vaccinations carried out humanely and with minimum stress to the chicks;
• infrared beak treatment (IRBT) equipment and automated vaccinators cleaned and serviced after every hatch where used;
• hatching trays with live chicks moved smoothly and kept level and precautions taken to prevent chicks falling onto the floor.

All minimum standards in this Code apply to hatcheries and chicks.

Keeping a rooster with layer hens can settle the birds, leading to less fighting and therefore fewer injuries.

All minimum standards, as appropriate, in this Code apply to roosters that have been or are kept with layer hens, regardless of the management system under which they are kept.

Also see summary of regulations appended to this Code, Regulation 47: Collars and tethers.

Introduction

The maintenance of good records is an integral part of a welfare assurance system and good farm management.

Recommended best practice

1. To help ensure that standards of animal welfare and husbandry are maintained, each commercial layer hen facility should implement a quality assurance system that provides for written procedures regarding hen welfare.
2. The elements of the quality assurance system should provide for the minimum standards, the indicators relevant to each and recommendations for best practice of this Code.
3. The quality assurance system should require continual review of existing systems and procedures that could enhance the welfare of layer hens. Producers and the Egg Producers Federation of New Zealand should encourage ongoing debate and assessments of management practices that may improve the welfare of layer hens. Where improvements to current practice are identified, these should be communicated to producers via appropriate technology transfer methods such as seminars, workshops, and industry newsletters.
4. The quality assurance system should provide for all incidents resulting in significant sickness, injury or death of hens to be fully investigated and documented. Where the results of an investigation may have implications for current industry management practices, a report outlining the incident and implications should, as soon as it is available, be forwarded to the appropriate industry body for consideration.

General information

The adoption or adaptation of an industry generic welfare assurance programme for welfare and husbandry procedures may meet these recommendations.

Act

The Animal Welfare Act 1999.

animal

As defined in the Act:

1. Means any live member of the animal kingdom that is –
   1. A mammal; or
   2. A bird; or
   3. A reptile; or
   4. An amphibian; or
   5. A fish (bony or cartilaginous); or
   6. Any octopus, squid, crab, lobster, or crayfish (including freshwater crayfish); or
   7. Any other member of the animal kingdom which is declared from time to time by the Governor-General, by Order in Council, to be an animal for the purposes of the Act; and
2. Includes any mammalian foetus, or any avian or reptilian pre-hatched young, that is in the last half of its period of gestation or development; and
3. Includes any marsupial pouch young; but
4. Does not include –
   1. A human being; or
   2. Except as provided in paragraph (b) or paragraph (c), any animal in the pre-natal, pre-hatched, larval, or other such developmental stage.

available technology   

NAWAC takes to mean technologies which are used practically to care for and manage animals, for example, existing chemicals, drugs, instruments, devices and facilities.

aviary

A multi-tier barn system with access to nests and perches at a number of heights or multiple tiers which consist of a raised slatted area providing perching and access to food/water at each level. 

barn 

A building that houses layer hens as either a single or multiple groups, with or without access to an outdoor area but with an area for nesting, perching and scratching. Barns with access outdoors are usually referred to as free range and the building can be either fixed or moveable. If a barn has multiple internal levels it is often referred to as an aviary and/or multi-tier system.

beak tipping or trimming

The removal of the upper and lower tips of the beak (maximum 25%).

brooding  

The management of chicks from day-old to four weeks of age.

caking

Undesirable compaction of the surface of litter.

cage

A cage is an enclosure constructed of metal or plastic and holding 3-7 hens. Cages do not have perches and/or nest areas. They are inside a building and can be multi-tiered. Also called current or conventional cages. 

chick

Layer breed of poultry from hatching to 7 weeks of age.

claw shortening devices

Abrasive device or flooring for scratching.

colony cages

A colony cage is a modified and enlarged enclosure with more space than cages and with perching, nesting and scratching areas. Colony cages may also be referred to as furnished or enriched cages.

controlled environment

An enclosed insulated building containing layer hens which provides control of lighting, ventilation and temperature, with feed, water and egg collection also usually automated.

day-old chicks

Chicks up to 72 hours of age (surviving on their internal yolk sack).

depopulation

Removal of all hens, usually at end of lay, from the particular environment.

embryonated egg

A fertilised egg which contains a developing chick embryo.

end of lay

When laying is terminated, either naturally or as a management practice. 

good practice

NAWAC takes to mean a standard of care that has a general level of acceptance among knowledgeable practitioners and experts in the field; is based on good sense and sound judgement; is practical and thorough; has robust experience-based or scientific foundations; and prevents unreasonable or unnecessary harm to, or promotes the interests of, the animals to which it is applied. Good practice also takes account of the evolution of attitudes about animals and their care.

hatchery

A facility in which fertile eggs are incubated and hatched in controlled environment cabinets.

hen(s) / layer hen

A female chicken (of any age) kept primarily for laying eggs.

induced moulting

The practice that makes hens cease egg production and then lose and replace feathers and restore bone integrity to bring them into another laying cycle.

instantaneous fragmentation

Mechanical method of humane destruction of eggs and day-old chicks (also known as maceration).

lux

An international measure of light intensity (not to be confused with watts).

minimum standards

Minimum standards are identified in the text by a heading and use the word "must" or similar words. They are highlighted in boxes within the text.

owner

As defined in the Act: "in relation to an animal, includes the parent or guardian of a person under the age of 16 years who –

1. Owns the animal; and
2. Is a member of the parent’s or guardian’s household living with and dependent on the parent or guardian."

perch

An elevated structure, including perforated/slatted areas, that allows hens to roost off the ground and grip with their claws.

person in charge

As defined in the Act: "in relation to an animal, includes a person who has an animal in that person’s possession or custody, or under that person’s care, control, or supervision."

pest

As defined in the Act: "means –

1. Any animal in a wild state that, subject to subsection (2), the Minister of Conservation declares, by notice in the Gazette, to be a pest for the purposes of this Act:
2. Any member of the family Mustelidae (except where held under a licence under regulations made under the Wildlife Act 1953):
3. Any feral cat:
4. Any feral dog:
5. Any feral rodent:
6. Any feral rabbit:
7. Any feral hare:
8. Any grass carp:
9. Any koi or European carp:
10. Any silver carp:
11. Any mosquito fish:
12. Any animal in a wild state that is a pest or unwanted organism within the meaning of the Biosecurity Act 1993."

placement

Placing of day-old chicks in the rearing facilities or pullets in the laying facility.

point of lay

The commencement of laying by a sexually mature hen.

predator   

An animal that preys on another.

pullet

Layer breed of poultry from 7 weeks of age to point of lay.

range

An outdoor area, usually pasture, used by hens.

range management plan

A plan that reviews and addresses issues that can affect the quality of the range including:

• range rotation;
• vegetation /pasture species on the range;
• dealing with weather conditions;
• disease and parasite control;
• siting of the range;
• shade and shelter, and
• drainage.

rearing

Management of the hens from day-old to point of lay (approximately 18 weeks of age).

recommended best practice

NAWAC takes to mean the best practice agreed at a particular time, following consideration of scientific information, accumulated experience and public submissions on this Code. It is usually a higher standard of practice than the minimum standard, except where the minimum standard is best practice. It is a practice that can be varied as new information comes to light. Recommendations for best practice will be particularly appropriate where it is desirable to promote or encourage better care for animals than is provided as a minimum standard.

Recommended best practices are identified in the text by a heading, and generally use the word "should".

scientific knowledge

NAWAC takes to mean knowledge within animal-based scientific disciplines, especially those that deal with nutritional, environmental, health, behavioural and cognitive/neural functions, which are relevant to understanding the physical, health and behavioural needs of animals. Such knowledge is not haphazard or anecdotal; it is generated by rigorous and systematic application of the scientific method, and the results are objectively and critically reviewed before acceptance.

winter garden/covered veranda

A well ventilated but covered area connected to the barn, which has a floor suitable for scratching and is usually available during daylight hours for the hens with provision to confine hens and protect them from predators and adverse weather.

Schedule 1 hen(s) / layer hen replaced on 9 May 2021 by section 25(2) of the Animal Welfare (Care and Procedures) Amendment Regulations 2020

This Appendix is not part of the Code of Welfare but is included as a reference.

Although efforts to include relevant regulations within this Code have been made, there may be other regulations which are relevant to you. The full list of all animal welfare regulations should be consulted where appropriate. See: Animal Welfare (Care and Procedures) Regulations 2018 – NZ Legislation

Interpretation

In these regulations, unless the context otherwise requires,—

• layer hen means a female chicken of the Gallus gallus domesticus species (of any age) kept primarily for laying eggs
• tether means any form of restraint that secures any part of an animal to an object or the ground

21: Phased prohibition on use of conventional cages

1. The owner of, and every person in charge of, layer hens must ensure that any cage system used for housing the layer hens meets the requirements in subclause (2)—
   1. on and from 1 October 2018, if the cage system was or is installed after 7 December 2012:
   2. on and from 1 January 2019, if the cage system was installed before the close of 31 December 1999:
   3. on and from 1 January 2021, if the cage system was installed after 31 December 1999 but before the close of 31 December 2001:
   4. on and from 1 January 2023, if the cage system was installed after 31 December 2001 but before the close of 7 December 2012.
2. The cage system that is used must meet the following requirements:
   1. multi-deck cages must be arranged so that the layer hens in the lower tiers are protected from excreta from above:
   2. the floor slope must not exceed 8 degrees and must support the hen’s forward facing claws:
   3. manure must be removed from under a cage before it accumulates sufficiently to touch the cage floor:
   4. each layer hen must have access to at least 2 drinking points:
   5. the cages must be fitted with suitable claw-shortening devices:
   6. there must be a secluded nest area in which the floor is covered by a suitable substrate that prevents the hens from directly contacting the wire mesh floor:
   7. there must be a perching area in which the perches allow the hens to grip without risk of trapping their claws and that provides at least 15 cm of space per hen to allow all hens to perch at the same time:
   8. the cages must have a scratching area:
   9. the cages must be at least 45 cm in height at all points other than in the nest area:
   10. the cages must have a minimum area of 750 cm² per hen or 13 hens per m².
3. A person who fails to comply with subclause (1) commits an offence and is liable on conviction,—
   1. in the case of an individual, to a fine not exceeding $5,000; or
   2. in the case of a body corporate, to a fine not exceeding $25,000.

22: Induced moulting

1. The owner of, and every person in charge of, layer hens must not induce moulting in the hens or allow another person to induce moulting in the hens.
2. A person who fails to comply with this regulation commits an offence and is liable on conviction,—
   1. in the case of an individual, to a fine not exceeding $5,000; or
   2. in the case of a body corporate, to a fine not exceeding $25,000.
3. In this regulation, induce moulting means carry out the practice that makes hens cease egg production and then lose and replace feathers and restore bone integrity to bring them into another laying cycle.

47: Collars and tethers

1. The owner of, and every person in charge of, an animal must ensure that any collar or tether on the animal (whether on the neck or on any other part of the animal) does not—
   1. cause a cut that bleeds or discharges; or
   2. cause a skin abrasion that bleeds or discharges; or
   3. cause a swelling; or
   4. prevent the animal from breathing normally, panting, or drinking.
2. A person who fails to comply with this regulation commits an offence and is liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $900.
3. The offence in subclause (2) is an infringement offence with an infringement fee of $300.

56B: Beak tipping layer hens

1. A person must not tip the beak of a layer hen unless the layer hen is 3 days of age or under.
2. The owner of, and every person in charge of, a layer hen must not allow the beak of the layer hen to be tipped in breach of subclause (1).
3. A person who tips the beak of a layer hen must—
   1. remove no more than 25% of the beak of the layer hen; and
   2. trim the upper and lower beak to the same length.
4. A person who tips the beak of a layer hen must use an infrared beam to tip the beak.
5. The owner of, and every person in charge of, a layer hen must not allow the beak of the layer hen to be tipped in breach of subclause (3) or (4).
6. A person who tips the beak of a layer hen must—
   1. be experienced with, or have received training in, the correct use of the method being used; and
   2. be able to recognise early signs of significant distress, injury, or ill-health so that the person can take prompt remedial action or seek advice.
7. The owner of, and every person in charge of, a layer hen that is to have its beak tipped must ensure that the health and welfare needs of the animal are met during the procedure and recovery, by ensuring that at all times a person is available who—
   1. has suitable equipment; and
   2. has the relevant knowledge, has received relevant training, or is under appropriate supervision.
8. A person who fails to comply with subclause (1) or (2) commits an offence and is liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding, —
   1. in the case of an individual, $1,500; or
   2. in the case of a body corporate that has been issued an infringement notice for the offence, $1,500; or
   3. in the case of a body corporate that has not been issued an infringement notice for the offence (because proceedings in respect of the infringement offence have been commenced by filing a charging document), $7,500.
9. The offence in subclause (8) is an infringement offence with an infringement fee of $500.
10. A person who fails to comply with subclause (3), (4), or (5) commits an offence and is liable on conviction, —
    1. in the case of an individual, to a fine not exceeding $3,000; or
    2. in the case of a body corporate, to a fine not exceeding $15,000.
11. A person has a defence to a prosecution against this regulation if—
    1. a veterinarian has approved the tipping of the beaks of layer hens to control an outbreak of cannibalism during a laying period; and
    2. the tipping of the layer hens’ beaks was carried out in accordance with that veterinary approval.

Appendix replaced on 9 May 2021 by Notice in the Gazette 2021-go1589