This technical review supports the discussions in the main body of the report. It is a source of more detailed discussion (and references), and was distilled down for the main body of the report. The sections contained within the technical review covered the three topics within the SLMACC (Sustainable Land Management and Climate Change) Climate Change Effects on Soils theme (soil carbon, soil services and soil nitrogen), and represent a compilation of the findings of these three groups. The evidence for the climate change projections for New Zealand is also presented in this technical review. The individual reviews were undertaken using available literature and combined with current best knowledge from national experts. The national experts were brought together at a workshop in February 2013 to investigate and debate the evidence in order to be more certain of the outcomes of climate change on soils.

This report identifies those impacts on soil ecosystem services (resulting from climate change to soil natural capital stocks and soil processes) that will be the most significant for New Zealand's primary land-based productive sector by 2049 and beyond.

• This is the final report for the above project funded by Ministry of Primary Industries’ Sustainable Land Management Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change fund, administered by the Ministry of Science and Innovation.
• Project partners were DairyNZ, ZESPRI International, Westpac Banking Corporation (WBC), and the IAG Group.
• Contributing researchers were the Agribusiness and Economics Research Unit, Lincoln University and the Department of Primary Industries, Victoria (DPIV).

The main aim of this research was to develop new knowledge and a set of analytical tools and datasets to help wine producers adapt to local spatial and temporal variations in climate in New Zealand’s vineyard regions, and thereby to help ensure the future sustainability of the industry. The research involved several inter-related phases, starting with an assessment of existing climate data for the main vineyard regions of the country, but with a particular focus on the Marlborough region as it is New Zealand’s premier wine producing region. As air temperature is considered to be the most important environmental factor affecting variations in grapevine response, it was the variable selected for the most detailed analysis in this study.

Significant differences have been discovered in the temperature trends observed in different vineyard regions of New Zealand. The most economically important vineyard region, Marlborough, appears to have experienced an increase in the daily temperature range since the 1940s so that the grapevines are more frequently exposed to both higher and lower temperatures over recent decades (Sturman and Quénol 2013).

Popular summary of outcomes from SLMACC contract LCR30615 to Landcare Research, written by Fiona Carswell & Stella Belliss.

Projected Climate-related Impacts on Food Safety Systems in the Mahinga Kai/Wildfood Sector

Projected Climate-related Impacts on Food Safety Systems in the Seafood and Aquaculture Sector

Sustainably increasing the storage of organic carbon (C) in pastoral soils has the potential to ‘offset’ greenhouse gas emissions from pastoral agriculture. Determining C storage provides a baseline from which change can be assessed.

Pastoral farms in New Zealand (NZ) have been intensifying and for dairy farms in
particular this has involved the increased use of brought-in supplementary feeds. The
objectives of this research project were to examine the effects of the integration of
commonly-used supplementary feeds into dairy, or sheep and beef farm systems on
total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, based on field and respiration chamber
research studies and use of farm system analysis models.

Models of methanogenesis were classified in three groups: statistical, semimechanistic
and dynamic and mechanistic models:

This chapter deals with the contribution New Zealand’s planted forests make to carbon stocks, and stock changes, reported and accounted as part of the LULUCF sector under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol.

This report provides draft recommendations to MPI for irrigation management and withholding grazing timing to minimise N2O emissions. These are largely based on the findings Sustainable Land Management and Climate Change (SLMACC)-funded programme (PFR30735) – Managing irrigation and grazing timing to reduce nitrous oxide emissions.